The following year, President Thomas Jefferson sends an exploratory party to Chinook Illahee, hoping to extend American territory to the Pacific Ocean. Verbs contain an initial tense or aspect prefix, ergative pronominal prefix, obligatory assaultive prefixed, dative prefix, reflexive/reciprocal/middle, adverbial, directional, and verb stem. In 1990, there were 69 speakers (7 monolinguals) of Wasco-Wishram; in 2001, 5 speakers of Wasco remained; the last fully fluent speaker, Gladys Thompson, died in 2012. The possessive prefix for the third person singular feminine ("her") is –ga- when the noun itself is feminine, neuter, dual, or plural, it is preceded by the gender-number prefixes: but is-tca- when the noun itself is masculine, is preceded by the gender-number prefix: 2. For example, Ethnologue 15e classifies Kiksht as Lower Chinook, while others consider it instead Upper Chinook (), and others a separate language. (The vowel “i” in PNW languages was often heard by Whites as “ei”, thus the modern spelling in English using the letter “a”.) Chinook Jargon (Wawa) is still spoken as a first language by some residents of Oregon State, much as the Métis language Michif is still spoken in Canada. Definitely this is a sound change not found within Salish. Let’s look into that now.Â. All are used for nouns referring to objects as well. These distinguish first, inclusive, second, third, fourth (indefinite) person, dual and plural possessors. Nominal may accompany the verbs, but they have adjunct status, functioning as appositives to the pronominal affixes. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Classification open Upper Chinook; expand all; collapse all; Comments on subclassification. Chinook [chh] (A language of United States) - Upper Chinookan (1) Wasco-Wishram [wac] (A language of United States) ‘Chehalis’ is Chinookan — and therefore CW? Initial prefix serve primarily as nominalizers. The pronominal prefixes are obligatory, whether free nominals occur in the clause-or not. The neuter may indicate indefiniteness. Then declined, was recorded by linguists in the 1930s, and died out by the early 1900s. Chinook definition, a member of a formerly numerous North American Indian people originally inhabiting the northern shore of the mouth of the Columbia River and the adjacent territory. Chippewa. Katlamat, Cathlamet) Lower Chinook (a.k.a. Nominal suffixes indicate emphasis or contrast, specificity, succession in time, definiteness, plurality, and time, location, or similarity. But it then gets treated according to Chinookan sound rules.Â, Sometimes Q’lti pronounces it much as in Lower Chehalis itself, which was in fact his main daily language at the time. Using Kiksht (Wishram / Wasco etc.) 1904: Riot at Nootka, and echoes of Sir James Douglas! Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. We just don’t have a precise way of categorizing it, as these sounds are typically “Normal” (not Diminutive, nor Augmentative) in the Kiksht information that we have. DICTIONARY OF THE CHINOOK JARGON… Older linguistic classifications list Chinookan as a family of its own which consists of three languages with multiple lects: Kathlamet (a.k.a. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. So, when “Chehalis” occurs in Chinookan, where it has no analyzable meaning, it’s a borrowed word. ( Log Out /  People of the Chinook culture dominated the region from near the mouth of the Columbia River eastward to the Dalles and included such groups as the Multnomahs (Willamette west bank from Sauvies Island) and the Wasco/Wishram (at Columbia River's Celilo Falls). a language family comprising only Lower Chinook and Upper Chinook. Upper Chinookan data as a guide, since that’s what’s most readily available, it would appear as though Chinookans “heard” native Lower Chehalis Salish ćxÌ£-íĺs (t’sxÌ£-ílʔs) as a Diminutive form. 1. For Chinookan, it’s known that: Putting together what I’ve said so far, I’ll claim, with a slight bit of boldness, that Chinookans took, Salish ćxÌ£-íĺs (t’sxÌ£-ílʔs) as Chinookan ćxíls (t’sxíls).Â, The important observation here is that for a Chinookan speaker, the psychological reality of a pronunciation ćxíĺs (t’sxíls), which I think we’re probably seeing from Q’lti, would be that it was the expected Diminutive form of a “Normal” cxÌ£ílÅ¡ (tsxÌ£ílsh)!Â, And I suppose Chinookans would’ve varied between saying Diminutive/affectionate ćxíĺs (t’sxíls) and Normal cxÌ£ílÅ¡ (tsxÌ£ílsh), as the situation warranted.Â, That right there already mutates several of the original Salish sounds:Â. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Katlamat, Cathlamet) Lower Chinook … Upper Chinook, also known as Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, and Wasco-Wishram after its last surviving dialect, is a recently extinct language of the US Pacific Northwest. Chinookan languages consist of three languages with multiple varieties.There is some dispute over classification, and there are two ISO 639-3 codes assigned: chh (Chinook, Lower Chinook) and wac (Wasco-Wishram, Upper Chinook). Verbs stems may be simplex or compound, the second member indicating direction, including motion out of, from open to cover especially from water to shore or inland, from cover to open, especially toward water, into, down or up. Chinookan Language Family Chinookan is a small family of languages spoken in Oregon and Washington along the Columbia River by Chinook peoples. Kiksht (Wishram / Wasco etc.) Chinookan definition: a language family comprising only Lower Chinook and Upper Chinook | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples That’s to say, 8 of the 11 occurrences of the ethnonym have a “hushing” realization (“ch” rather than “ts”, “sh” rather than “s”), not native to Lower Chehalis. ( Log Out /  They are divided into two sets, Upper and Lower, the former embracing those from the Cas- cades to Grey’s Bay on the northern bank of the river and to a … (1) Lower Chinook, comprising two slightly different dialects, the Chinook proper and the Clatsop; (2) Upper Chinook which included all the rest of the tribes, though with numerous slight dialectic differences. Sponsored Links Skilloot Language Links Wasco-Wishram Language: Our resources about the Upper Chinook language (including Skilloot.) When the reflexive follows can ergative-absolutive pronoun sequence, it indicates that one indirectly affected is the same as the ergative. I’ve previously found Lower Chinookan data that suggest a slightly different consonant-mutation system from this, but I haven’t yet had the opportunity to systematize enough information into a solid conclusion. It has sentence-initial negation which is atypical of regional languages and doesn't have typical complex morphology. (1) Lower Chinook, comprising two slightly different dialects, the Chinook proper and the Clatsop; (2) Upper Chinook which included all the rest of the tribes, though with numerous slight dialectic differences. "A Pattern of Verbal Irony in Chinookan.". Shoalwater-Clatsop Lower Chinookans.Â, Additionally, in a recounting of “Beliefs, Customs, and Tales: The Soul and the Shamans”, page 207 notes that “Numbers 1 to 21 were originally Chehalish beliefs and customs.” The spelling used there suggests Q’lti’s pronunciations chxÌ£ilsh ~ c’hxÌ£ilsh.Â, The name “Chehalis” comes from Lower Chehalis Salish ćxÌ£-íĺs (t’sxÌ£-ílʔs), having a literal meaning there as ‘sandy point’. See more. Katlamat, Cathlamet) Lower Chinook (a.k.a. The complete dictionary is available online through Project Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.org. That kind of consonant mutation is native to Chinookan, which uses it a good deal for Diminutive and Augmentative size- and emotional symbolism. And definitely it is found in the Chinookan system of consonant mutations. ( Log Out /  Coastal Chinook) Clatsop Shoalwater (a.k.a. Spoken L1 Language: Upper Chinook. And those White “drifters” would’ve thus been hearing this word in the earliest phase of Chinuk Wawa known to us from historical records. This is an extract from George Gibb’s Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, or, Trade Language of Oregon. The one change we haven’t yet accounted for is the č (ch) and č́ (c’h) in Chinookan. Dialects of the Chinook language were spoken along both banks of Columbia river from the Cascades to the sea, and for some distance up the Willam.ette. The ergative refers to agent of a transitive verb, the absolutive to patient of a transitive or single argument of an intransitive, the dative to indirect object. Most Chinook stories were recorded by the renowned anthropologist Melville Jacobs in the late '20s from a … Among the diversity of languages spoken at Fort Vancouver and the Village, the pidgin language Chinook Jargon, or Chinuk Wawa, emerged as the primary language for everyday communication. In 2001, there were five remaining speakers of Wasco. Chinookan consisted of three languages with multiple varieties. DICTIONARY OF THE CHINOOK JARGON, OR, As a stock language the Chinookan is sharply differentiated from that of surrounding families. Nouns contain an initial prefix, pronominal prefix, positive prefix, inner normalizer, root, a qualifying suffix, plural, and final suffix. Their oral literature was equally rich, and their mythical pantheon was populated by powerful spirit and animal figures, ghosts, and ancestors. 1801An epidemic (likely smallpox) strikes the Northwest Coast. They belonged to the Upper Chinook language division. Including the "post-pronominal"-g-, the system is as follows: Compare these pronominal prefixes with the corresponding intransitive subjects and transitive objects: The original Chinook Jargon was a simplified language, originally used as a second language by speakers of other Native American languages in the area. Upper Chinook, also known as Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, and Wasco-Wishram after its last surviving dialect, is a recently extinct language of the US Pacific Northwest. The possessive prefix for the first person singular "my" is –gE (Wishram-g-,-k-;- x̩ During summer, temporary houses with sides of cattail mats and cedar bark roofs were convenient to move from one fishing location to the next. The number of tense/aspect prefix distinctions varies among the languages. 1805 — Ethnohistorian Robert Boyd estimates a population of 15,545 from Willamette Falls on the Willamette River to the P… Franz Boas wasn’t very accomplished at hearing the “glottalized resonant” consonants in Pacific NW languages, so we can’t tell for sure whether Q’lti was saying –ćxÌ£íĺs (-t’sxÌ£ílʔs), or instead –ćxÌ£-íls (-t’sxÌ£íls), in his Chinookan. The Chinookan languages were a small family of languages spoken in Oregon and Washington along the Columbia River by Chinook peoples.Although the last known native speaker of any Chinookan language died in 2012, the 2009-2013 American Community Survey found 270 self-identified speakers of Upper Chinook. (Image credit: ChinookAndLowerChehalis.com) Quite a number of mentions occur there of the (Lower) Chehalis Salish neighbors of the Natítanui a.k.a. -before k-stops) when the noun is feminine, neuter, dual or plural, but –tcE-,-tci-(Wishram-tc-) when the noun is masculine. Extracts of the films taken during the 1930 Conference on PISL conservation, showing signers from various tribes. Chinook-speaking groups were once powerful in trade, before and during early European contact (Lewis & Clark), hence developed the Chinook Jargon – a pre-European contact language, with lexicon from at least Chinook, Chehalis, and Nootka or Nuu-chah-nulth. Upper Chinook definition: a Chinookan language of the Columbia River valley from the Deschutes River to the estuary | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Upper Chinook was originally a set of half a dozen dialects, spoken in the upper Columbia River of which only the Wasco-Wishram dialect is still active. Family division. Families with more than 30 languages are in, This page was last edited on 7 January 2021, at 15:48. Kiksht shows six way tense distinctions: mythic past, remote past, recent past, immediate past, present, and future. Around 120 people in 1945, though some 609 were reported in the 1970s, having by then mixed extensively with other groups. 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Female persons estimates a population of 15,545 from Willamette Falls on the Willamette River to Dalles. Pattern of Verbal Irony in Chinookan. `` not found within Salish clauses are by. Below or click an icon to Log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account US. Northwest Coast third, fourth ( indefinite ) person, dual and plural possessors and definitely it is found the... Dell Hymes suggested the terms Kathlamet or Middle Chinook for the they belonged to the Northwest! And Augmentative size- and emotional symbolism suggested the terms Kathlamet or Middle Chinook the!

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