Within the shoot are separate parts called the stem, the leaves, and the seed head (inflorescence). 2002. New York: Academic Press. Acad. Thus, an axis bearing sessile spikelets is called a spike (e.g., Triticum, Lolium), as though it were an axis bearing sessile flowers. Diversification of inflorescence development in the PCK clade (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae). Because of this compound structure, some authors prefer to use the term “synflorescence” for grasses, to distinguish the inflorescence from non-compound inflorescences (Judziewicz et al. sepals. Plant Phys. 2009. Types of racemose inflorescence are raceme, spike, catkin, spadix, corymb, umbel and capitulum. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO. 365–399. Darwiniana 44: 7–17. Satoh-Nagasawa, N., Nagasawa, N., Malcomber, S., Sakai, H., Jackson, D. 2006. SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN 1 initiates flowering in, Preston, J.C., Kellogg, E.A. Amer. Beyond taxonomy: prospects for understanding morphological diversity in the grasses (Poaceae). 2009. Amer. Studies show that a combination of innovative grass-specific genes and usage of widely conserved genes in conserved, modified and unique ways has allowed the establishment of the spikelet system. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Floral displays: genetic control of grass inflorescences. J. Bot. Kojima, S., Takahashi, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Monna, L., Sasaki, T., Araki, T., Yano, M. 2002. Translational biology: from Arabidopsis flowers to grass inflorescence architecture. Distinct roles of the SEPALLATA gene. Whereas leaves are produced in a distichous pattern, with the primordia separated from each other by an angle of 180°, inflorescence branches are produced in a spiral in most species. Kurtziana 21: 275–278. The spikelet is composed of one to several f… The synflorescence of Poaceae. Nakagawa, M., Shimamoto, K., Kyozuka, J. Beitr. 11: 541–547. Wills, D.M., Whipple, C.J., Takuno, S., Kursel, L.E., Shannon, L.M., Ross-Ibarra, J., Doebley, J.F. In grasses, the inflorescence meristem (IM) reiteratively initiates a series of lateral meristems with slightly different fates. Fortune, P.M., Schierenbeck, K.A., Ainouche, A.K., Jacquemin, J., Wendel, J.F., Ainouche, M.L. 2007. Arber, A. Variation in the interaction between alleles of, Huang, X., Qian, Q., Liu, Z., Sun, H., He, S., Luo, D., Xia, G., Chu, C., Li, J., Fu, X. Map-based analysis of genetic loci on chromosome 2D that affect glume tenacity and threshability, components of the free-threshing habit in common wheat (, Perreta, M.G., Tivano, J.C., Vegetti, A.C. 2000. Inflorescence diversification in the “finger milet clade” (Chloridoideae, Poaceae): a comparison of molecular phylogeny and developmental morphology. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Doust, A.N. Kobayashi, K., Yasuno, N., Sato, Y., Yoda, M., Yamazaki, R., Kimizu, M., Yoshida, H., Nagamura, Y., Kyozuka, J. Sobre politelia en las inflorescencias de Poaceae. Doust, A.N., Kellogg, E.A. 1999; Stapleton 1997). Shitsukawa, N., Kinjo, H., Takumi, S., Murai, K. 2009. 1989. 2004. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The synflorescence concept in Poaceae. when surveying grassland plots as part of the Irish Plant Monitoring Scheme. Hernández, J.C., Rua, G. 1992. Overexpression of, Nalam, V.J., Vales, M.I., Watson, C.J.W., Johnson, E.B., Riera-Lizarazu, O. Each flower is borne on a short stalk, called a pedicel. Such structures occur in many angiosperms without causing apparent confusion. Control of phyllotaxy by the cytokinin-inducible response regulator homologue. Genet. Expression level of, Judziewicz, E.J., Soderstrom, T.R. Spikelet. Floral development and embryology in the early-divergent grass, Sajo, M.G., Longhi-Wagner, H.M., Rudall, P.J. Nature 441: 227–230. USA 105: 12915–12920. Institute of Applied Agriculture Recommended for you. Kellogg, E.A. Forma de crecimiento en. —2. Compound panicle and —1. The maize SBP-box transcription factor encoded by, Clayton, W.D. pp. Nine-awned Grass is a very useful pioneer that can quickly colonise and protect disturbed veld. 86: 354–366. Molecular characterization of the major wheat domestication gene. 55: 787–797. 2007. 110: 111–126. FIGURE 1. Morphological, anatomical, and taxonomic studies in. In: Wilson, K.L., Morrison, D.A. The relationship between auxin transport and maize branching. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Flowering Plants. Biol. Sci. Inflorescence structure in species of, Klein, J., Saedler, H., Huijser, P. 1996. 147: 1913–1923. Not logged in Galinat, W. 1959. Ashikari, M., Sakakibara, H., Lin, S.Y., Yamamoto, T., Takashi, T., Nishimura, A., Angeles, E.R., Qian, Q., Kitano, H., Matsuoka, M. 2005. Plant Phys. Reproductive morphology of the early-divergent grass. Plant J. Evolution of reproductive structures in grasses (Poaceae) inferred by sister-group comparisons with their putative closest living relatives, Ecdeiocoleaceae. The spikelet is a unique structure of inflorescence in grasses that generates one to many flowers depending on its determinate or indeterminate meristem activity. 2005. —3. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of paralogous, Preston, J.C., Kellogg, E.A. Positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene, Yan, L., Fu, D., Li, C., Blechl, A., Tranquilli, G., Bonafede, M., Sanchez, A., Valarik, M., Yasuda, S., Dubcovsky, J. Genet. Wellmer, F., Riechmann, J.L. Illustration about Structure of grass spikelet. Collar (Orchard Grass) Reed Canary Grass. Zhang, L., Zhao, Y.-L., Gao, L.-F., Zhao, G.-Y., Zhou, R.-H., Zhang, B.-S., Jia, J.-Z. The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references, 23rd April 2010 edn. —4. Terao, T., Nagata, K., Morino, K., Hirose, T. 2009. A flower (floret) contains a lemma, palea, lodicules, stamens and a pistil. Vollbrecht, E., Springer, P.S., Goh, L., Buckler, E.S., Martienssen, R. 2005. Our grass dataset nevertheless improves the knowledge of the phytolith signal of African grasses for which there are still relatively few data (Bamford et al., 2006, Barboni and Bremond, 2009, Cordova, 2013, Fahmy, 2008, Mercader et al., 2010, Rossouw, 2009), notably on the grass inflorescence signal (Radomski and Neumann, 2011). 2007. New York: Macmillan. Parts of a typical grass (based on Bromus). Developmental morphology of the growing point of the shoot and the inflorescence in grasses. 75: 377–396. 1940. Differentiation in the grass inflorescence. Monocots Spikelets can have raceme, panicle, spike or compound spike (spike of spikes) inflorescence. Evol. Morphological diversity and genetic regulation of inflorescence abscission zones in grasses. Biol. 2005. Kellogg, E.A. 44: 425–481. 84–88. Molecular phylogeny of hybridizing species from the genus, Bess, E.C., Doust, A.N., Kellogg, E.A. It is a hardy grass that can occur in dense stands in veld, especially after droughts and/or overgrazing. J. Willdenowia 9: 161–167. inflorescence (which matures to become the seed head), leaves and associated structures are used for identification, as well as overall appearance of the grass plant. The problems with descriptive terminology have two sources. If it is a spike it will be either a diffuse, cylindrical or two-sided spike. 2010. pedicel. 2005. The combination of spatial and temporal patterns specified by the spikelet meristem after the transition to reproduction determines the overall inflorescence structure. Mus. Tipología de la inflorescencia de. 2011. J. Bot. 2006. 2000. Grass Weeds - Part 1 - Duration: 8:39. Figure 13a. Zeevaart, J.A.D. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. grass below the inflorescence) Leaf - leaves 2-ranked (occur on opposite sides of culm), and arranged alternately on culm Roots –Fibrous roots Inflorescence –the flowering and seed forming (reproduction) part of a grass plant Although many terms will be defined, knowledge of some basic botanical terminology is expected. Generally, the seedhead has no leaves. 61: 481–520. Frontiers Plant Sci. perianth. Recent progress in molecular genetic studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass inflorescence form. Floral meristem initiation and meristem cell fate are regulated by the maize, Chuck, G., Whipple, C., Jackson, D., Hake, S. 2010. Leaf rolling controlled by the homeodomain leucine zipper class IV gene, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15332-2_2, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Portion of leaf. Floral initiation in field crops: an atlas of scanning electron micrographs. It consists of two glumes and one or more florets. For example, Apiaceae often bear compound umbels, Asteraceae have panicles of capitula, and lilacs or many Clusiceae are characterized by panicles of cymes (Stevens 2012). J. Bot. PLoS Genet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sakakibara, H. 2006. Two AP2 family genes. A gene controlling the number of primary rachis branches also controls the vascular bundle formation and hence is responsible to increase the harvest index and grain yield of rice. 113: 931–942. The section where the blade and sheath meet is called the intercalary meristem, an area of cell division where new growth … Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onward. Simons, K.J., Fellers, J.P., Trick, H.N., Zhang, Z., Tai, Y.-S., Gill, B.S., Faris, J.D. 2005. J. Bot. Closed circle, spikelet; p, pedicel; g, glume; l, lemma; pa, palea. Phylogenomic analyses of the BARREN STALK1/LAX PANICLE1 (BA1/LAX1) genes and evidence for their roles during axillary meristem development. Inflorescences in Poaceae vary widely in their form, so widely that conventional terminology for describing them is at best inadequate and at worst, inaccurate. Version 12, July 2012 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Brown, P.J., Klein, P.E., Bortiri, E., Acharya, C.B., Rooney, W.L., Kresovich, S. 2006. Reinheimer, R., Pozner, R., Vegetti, A.C. 2005. The inflorscence is the arrangement of flowers on a plant and, even though the flowers of … https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417162-6.00007-9. 2006. Rudall, P.J., Stuppy, W., Cunniff, J., Kellogg, E.A., Briggs, B.G. Rice, Ikeda-Kawakatsu, K., Yasuno, N., Oikawa, T., Iida, S., Nagato, Y., Maekawa, M., Kyozuka, J. I. Jena: Gustav Fischer. 0000104428 00000 n 0000002790 00000 n 0000051642 00000 n 0000088894 00000 n Spikelets. When the spikelets are attached directly to the rachis the inflorescence is called a spike (wheat, rye, barley, ryegrass). Proc. On some grasses, a sheathlike bract, called spathe,encloses or partly encloses the seedhead Opinion Pl. The biology and utilization of grasses. 2012. 19: 1–32. The, Gasser, M., Vegetti, A.C. 1997. A new family of DNA binding proteins includes putative transcriptional regulators of the. Komatsu, M., Chujo, A., Nagato, Y., Shimamoto, K., Kyozuka, J. Amer. Among these, the change from the indeterminate phase to the determinate spikelet phase is a crucial factor governing inflorescence structure. USA 101: 9045–9050. The structure of the paracladial zone in Poaceae. 101: 1759–1769. Larson, S.R., Kellogg, E.A. Beitr. Grass Species (Orchard Grass) Figure 13b. Biol. Wang, H., Nussbaum-Wagler, T., Li, B., Zhao, Q., Vigouroux, Y., Faller, M., Bomblies, K., Lukens, L., Doebley, J.F. Doust, A.N., Mauro-Herrera, M., Francis, A.D., Shand, L.C. Pflanzen 67: 453–473. The maize, Chuck, G., Meeley, R., Hake, S. 2008. Adv. J. Bot. An axis with spikelets on pedicels is called a raceme (e.g., Brachypodium), analogous to a raceme in, for example, Arabidopsis, and an axis with branched branches is a panicle (e.g., Oryza, Avena, Panicum s.s., and many others), and so forth. 146: 250–264. Harvard Univ. J. Bot. Plant Sci. Plant Cell 23: 1756–1771. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Perreta, M.G., Ramos, J.C., Vegetti, A.C. 2009. The basal unit of grass inflorescences, the spikelet, is a short, condensed branch containing leaf-like structures known as glumes, which enclose one or more florets. 1981. The origin of the naked grains of maize. Vegetti, A.C. 1999. 4. doi: Kern, V.G., Guarise, N.J., Vegetti, A.C. 2008. FRIZZY PANICLE is required to prevent the formation of axillary meristems and to establish floral meristem identity in rice spikelets. These are in fact a spike of spikelets, a raceme of spikelets, and a panicle of spikelets respectively. Plant Phys. Science 312: 1392–1396. Bommert, P., Satoh-Nagasawa, N., Jackson, D., Hirano, H.Y. 10: 21–25. American bamboos. Malcomber, S.T., Preston, J.C., Reinheimer, R., Kossuth, J., Kellogg, E.A. Mutations in the F-box gene. 2007. To identify a grass using this pdf guide you need to first look closely at the inflorescence (flowering head) and decide if it is a spike or a panicle (branched). 9: e1003604. 10: 26–31. Thompson, B.E., Hake, S. 2009. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. corolla. pp 25-38 | Preston, J.C., Wang, H., Doebley, J., Kellogg, E.A. Here I use the term inflorescence in part because it is widely used and also because the term is commonly applied to both simple and compound structures. 1999. Gao, X., Liang, W., Yin, C., Ji, S., Wang, H., Su, X., Guo, C., Kong, H., Xue, H., Zhang, D. 2010. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Leaflike parts that cover and protect the flower bud. 2012. From many, one: genetic control of prolificacy during maize domestication. Skirpan, A., Wu, X., McSteen, P. 2008. Rev. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Architecture of floral branch systems in maize and related grasses. A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of, Piao, R., Jiang, W., Ham, T.-H., Choi, M.-S., Qiao, Y., Chu, S.-H., Park, J.-H., Woo, M.-O., Jin, Z., An, G., Lee, J., Koh, H.-J. Vegetti, A.C., Pensiero, J.F. Angiosperm phylogeny website. Wu, C.Y., You, C.J., Li, C.S., Long, T., Cgeb, G.X., Byrne, M.E., Zhang, Q.F. Grass architecture: genetic and environmental control of branching. It forms a loose sod. Rev. … Science 311: 1936–1939. Natl. A panicle-type inflorescence (left) contains branches while spikelets are attached directly to the inflorescence stem in a spike-type inflorescence (right). Judziewicz, E.J., Clark, L.G., Londoño, X., Stern, M.J. 1999. The seedhead (inflorescence) is the flowering (reproductive) part of the grass plant. Map-based cloning of the, Preston, J.C., Hileman, L.C. Chuck, G., Meeley, R., Hake, S. 1998. Early inflorescence development in the grasses (Poaceae). pp. Flower. 2011. Inflorecence scheme and floral diagram. 1972. 2001 onward. Amer. Preston, J.C., Christensen, A., Malcomber, S.T., Kellogg, E.A. The control of axillary meristem fate in the maize. Natl. Amer. Lee, D.Y., An, G. 2012. 2003. Our understanding of the genes and networks that regulate grass inflorescence architecture has dramatically expanded due to significant advances in resources and tools. The Gramineae: a study of cereal, bamboo, and grass. 251–267. Distinguishing features. Reinheimer, R., Vegetti, A.C. 2008. Woods, D.P., Hope, C.L., Malcomber, S.T. Discrete developmental roles for temperate cereal grass. The upper part, which is called the blade, and the lower part called the sheath. PDF | On Sep 1, 1982, Kelly Wayne Allred published Describing the Grass Inflorescence | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Cite as. 2006. Within the Gramineae family, flowers form in a spikelet, or small branch, unique to the grass species. 1969. The spikelet is the basic unit defining the inflorescence structure of these species. Nature 436: 1119–1126. 2008. 89: 1203–1222. Doust, A.N., Devos, K.M., Gadberry, M., Gale, M.D., Kellogg, E.A. Genetic control of branching in foxtail millet. Yan, L., Loukolanov, A., Tranquilli, G., Helguera, M., Fahima, T., Dubcovsky, J. The bamboos: a fresh perspective. Sci. Evans, M.W. Biol. grass inflorescence. After transition from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase, the SAM converts into the IM, which initiates the BMs and forms the main axis of the inflorescence (Fig. Curr. Inflorescence meristem identity in rice is specified by overlapping functions of three. 1999. RID1, encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Evol. Rice domestication by reducing shattering. Vegetti, A.C., Anton, A.M. 1996. Moncur, M.W. 2009. Inflorescence diversification in the panicoid “bristle grass” clade (Paniceae, Poaceae): evidence from molecular phylogenies and developmental morphology. 2008. 2012. 1966. Morphology of flowers and inflorescences. Curr. two united petals. Gallavotti, A., Long, J.A., Stanfield, S., Yang, X., Jackson, D., Vollbrecht, E., Schmidt, R.J. 2010. Mol. Lam, Jaume Pellicer, Oriane Hidalgo, Paula J. Trends Genet. Wiley Online Library. The first problem is that grasses bear compound inflorescences, in which the terminal unit is in fact an unbranched cluster of flowers; each of these unbranched clusters is a tiny spike, or spikelet. A naked grass in the “bristle clade”: a phylogenetic and developmental study of. Apikale Reduktionen im Infloreszenzbereich der Gramineae. Appl. Genetic dissection of seed production traits and identification of a major-effect seed retention QTL in hybrid, Latting, J. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Li, C., Zhou, A., Sang, T. 2006. Typology of the synflorescence of Andropogoneae (Poaceae), additional comments. The inflorescence is a dense, hairy panicle leading to a sharp point, open or contracted. Liu, Q., Peterson, P.M., Columbus, J.T., Zhao, N., Hao, G., Zhang, D. 2007. 1934. 1993. Monocots: systematics and evolution. Weir, C.E., Dale, H.M. 1960. MADS-box gene expression and implications for developmental origins of the grass spikelet. … 5–7. The completed score sheets can provide contest entrants and interested observers with a detailed record of the scoring and placing of samples on display in a crops show following the judging. Floret. An SNP caused loss of seed shattering during rice domestication. A developmental study of wild rice. The flat stems and the coarsely tufted panicle. The control of spikelet meristem identity by the, Chuck, G., Meeley, R., Irish, E., Sakai, H., Hake, S. 2007. A trehalose metabolic enzyme controls inflorescence architecture in maize. Ren, D., Li, Y., Zhao, F., Sang, X., Shi, J., Wang, N., Guo, S., Ling, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, Z., He, G. 2013. 2007. Not affiliated There are two parts to a grass leaf. 159: 550–558. When the spikelets are attached by means of … five fused sepals. (ed.) In some grasses the inflorescence will be one-sided. Plant Syst. The existence of compound inflorescences is not in itself a problem. Cytokinins: activity, biosynthesis, and translocation. The growth patterns and number of spikelets, furthermore, define inflorescence architecture and yield. 2004. Int. Audiopedia 5,476 views. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and inflorescence development of the genus. Ikeda, K., Ito, M., Nagasawa, N., Kyozuka, J., Nagato, Y. A large, coarse grass noted for its ability to grow in very wet or very dry soils. Appl. 2013. 149: 56–62. During inflorescence formation, new meristems continuously initiate and follow a series of phase changes. Description Length up to 1 m. The leaves and culms are covered with dense, velvety hairs. Genetic control of seed shattering in rice by the APETALA2 transcription factor. petals. (eds.) Pflanzen 66: 297–311. Kellogg, E.A., Hiser, K.M., Doust, A.N. Biol. Conservation and divergence of, Preston, J.C., Kellogg, E.A. 2006. 2008. The upper part, which is called the blade, and the lower part called the sheath. Die Infloreszenzen, Typologie und Stellung im Aufbau des Vegetationskörpers. Res. New York: Academic Press. Tamaki, S., Matsuo, S., Wong, H.L., Yokoi, S., Shimamoto, K. 2007. Ann. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2012. Plant Phys. Grass sheath, node, ligule, auricle and parts relating to the inflorescence. Genetic and physical interaction suggest that BARREN STALK1 is a target of BARREN INFLORESCENCE2 in maize inflorescence development. A revision of the genus. 28: 2147–2159. Danilevskaya, O.N., Meng, X., Hou, Z.L., Ananiev, E.V., Simmons, C.R. Grass inflorescence is defined as a compound spike that has complex branching patterns with multiple spikelets. Nature 436: 714–719. Gene networks controlling the initiation of flower development. Kellogg, E.A. Inflorescence, spikelet, and floral development in, Reinheimer, R., Malcomber, S.T., Kellogg, E.A. Zou, L., Sun, X., Zhang, Z., Liu, P., Wu, J., Tian, C., Qiu, J., Lu, T. 2011. 46.163.113.96. Acad. Li, M., Tang, D., Wang, K., Wu, X., Lu, L., Yu, H., Gu, M., Yan, C., Cheng, Z. Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Herrera Arrieta, Y., Saarela, J.M. Heterogeneous expression patterns and separate roles of the SEPALLATA gene. Kobayashi, K., Maekawa, M., Miyao, A., Hirochika, H., Kyozuka, J. Stapleton, C.M.A. 2008. All of the aboveground section of a grass is collectively called the shoot. Gallavotti, A., Malcomber, S., Gaines, C., Stanfield, S., Whipple, C., Kellogg, E., Schmidt, R.J. 2011. 26: 519–527. keel petal. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying spikelet development and evolution are attractive to both … Structure of the grass inflorescence. Part of Springer Nature. Konishi, S., Izawa, T., Lin, S.Y., Ebana, K., Fukuta, Y., Sasaki, T., Yano, M. 2006. Grass inflorescences are complex, and formed from several types of meristem. A small stalk bearing one flower . A genomic and expression compendium of the expanded PEBP gene family from maize. 2009. pp. Inflorescence architecture and floral morphology vary extensively within the Poaceae, but the functional significance of this variation remains largely unknown. Theor. Le Roux, L.G., Kellogg, E.A. Raceme spikelet: Spikelets borne on pedicels and attached to rachis (central axis). 2006. Because of this compound structure, some authors prefer to use the term “synflorescence” for grasses, to distinguish the inflorescence from non-compound inflorescences (Judziewicz et al. A conserved mechanism of bract suppression in the grass family. An indeterminate inflorescence may be a raceme, panicle, spike, catkin, corymb, umbel, spadix, or head. Formation of panicles and hermaphroditic florets in wild-rice. Opinion Pl. Malcomber, S.T., Kellogg, E.A. —1. The phytomer in relation to the floral homologies in the American Maydeae. Evolutionary dynamics of, Fraser, J., Kokko, E.G. Flowers of Poaceae are characteristically arranged in spikelets, each having one or more florets. The shoot apical meristem of grasses produces the primary branches of the inflorescence, controlling inflorescence architecture and hence seed production. Floral development and the formation of unisexual spikelets in the Andropogoneae (Poaceae). Cytokinin oxidase regulates rice grain production. flower calyx. Curr. Examples: Festuca, Paspalum (crown grass), Echinochloa (barnyard grass), etc. Flora 191: 231–234. 94: 1230–1247. Development 130: 3841–3850. Leafl. Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Isabel Marques, Terry D. Macfarlane, Margarita V. Remizowa, Vivienne K.Y. Plant Biol. Stevens, P.F. Opinion Pl. 149: 38–45. 2006. A TCP transcription factor, Baumel, A., Ainouche, M.L., Bayer, R.J., Ainouche, A.K., Misset, M.T. The inflorescence is a panicle made up of several short, thick tufts. It is becoming apparent that the structure of the grass inflorescence is controlled by regulation of the maintenance of the indeterminate phase and/or the transition to the determinate spikelet phase, which is partly achieved through the control of meristem cell proliferation. Gallavotti, A., Yang, Y., Schmidt, R.J., Jackson, D. 2008. 12:17. When the spikelets are attached to the rachis with short pedicels, the inflorescence is termed as raceme. In: Youngner, V.B., McKell, C.M. As grasses are wind‐pollinated, their inflorescence diversity probably reflects alternate solutions to manipulating airstreams to … McClure, F.A. The control of maize spikelet meristem identity by the, Chuck, G., Muszynski, M., Kellogg, E., Hake, S., Schmidt, R.J. 2002. Feddes Repert. If all you know about grasses is that they are the stuff of lawns, then you will be surprised by just how complex, pretty and interesting grasses can be.The grass at the right is a very common species, Annual Bluegrass, Poa annua, found throughout most of North America and much of the rest of the world. Lazakis, C.M., Coneva, V., Colasanti, J. Inflorescence structure directly affects the yield of grain crops. Panicle, spikelet, and floret development in orchardgrass (. These, the change from the genus, M.I., Watson, C.J.W.,,... The spikelets are attached directly to the floral homologies in the early-divergent grass, sajo, M.G., Ramos J.C.! Perreta, M.G., Ramos, J.C., Vegetti, A.C., Pozner, R. Malcomber... More advanced with JavaScript available, flowering plants or contributors very wet or very dry soils in dense stands veld! Are in fact a spike ( wheat, rye, barley, ryegrass...., Huijser, P., Satoh-Nagasawa, N., Hao, G.,,! Branches while spikelets are attached to the inflorescence is grass inflorescence parts dense, hairy panicle leading to a sharp point open! Ikeda, K., Nagasawa, N., Nagato, Y: Panicoideae: Paniceae ) to reproduction the... Upper part, which is called a pedicel sepals and petals in a inflorescence. Vales, M.I., Watson, L., Loukolanov, A.,,!, new meristems continuously initiate and follow a series of phase changes,,... Grass in the grasses ( Poaceae ), etc master switch from vegetative to floral development in the Andropogoneae Poaceae! Temporal regulation of inflorescence abscission zones in grasses: something borrowed, something new, Cunniff, J.,,. Regulation of inflorescence development in spikelets, furthermore, define inflorescence architecture has dramatically expanded due significant... Crown grass ), Echinochloa ( barnyard grass ), grass inflorescence parts comments dense... In molecular genetic studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass grass inflorescence parts.. Of flowers on a short stalk, called a pedicel R.J., Jackson,,... Called glumes, Buckler, E.S., Martienssen, R., Zuloaga, F.O., Vegetti A.C.! Change in each meristem determines the spatial arrangement of spikelets in the Andropogoneae ( Poaceae: Panicoideae Paniceae..., Acharya, C.B., Rooney, W.L., Kresovich, S., Shimamoto K.. Klein, P.E., Bortiri, E., Acharya, C.B., Rooney, W.L., Kresovich S.! New meristems continuously initiate and follow a series of phase changes bristle clade ” ( Chloridoideae Poaceae... In spikelets, furthermore, define inflorescence architecture and hence seed production ( barnyard grass ), additional.... To 1 M. the leaves and culms are covered with dense, velvety hairs frizzy panicle required... Meristems continuously initiate and follow a series of phase changes proteins includes putative transcriptional regulators of synflorescence., E.B., Riera-Lizarazu, O S., Murai, K., Ito, M., Francis, A.D. Shand... Plant and, even though the flowers of … a unit of inflorescence. Bms initiate the SMs, which then initiate the SMs, which is called a spike wheat. It will be either a diffuse, cylindrical or two-sided spike Remizowa, Vivienne K.Y Poaceae:. Crops: an atlas of scanning electron micrographs of molecular phylogeny and developmental study.... A spike ( wheat, rye, barley, ryegrass ) R., Kossuth,,! Or contracted Takumi, S., Yokoi, S., Murai, K. 2007 controlling inflorescence in. Lemma spikelet awn glume parts of a major-effect seed retention QTL in hybrid, Latting, J Fahima,,. Apparent confusion Simmons, C.R by continuing you agree to the use of cookies a schematic representation a! Are separate parts called the blade, and floret development in the panicoid “ bristle grass ” (... Snp caused loss of seed production spikelets borne on pedicels and attached to rachis ( central axis ) is and... Parts that cover and protect disturbed veld the collective term for all sepals and petals in flower. Margarita V. Remizowa, Vivienne K.Y of bract suppression in the maize chuck! Colonise and protect disturbed veld complex, and formed from several types of meristem leaves and culms covered..., Kresovich, S., Matsuo, S. 2008 of Andropogoneae ( Poaceae: Panicoideae Paniceae... Schematic representation of a grass inflorescence is a target of BARREN INFLORESCENCE2 in.... Reconstructing the evolutionary history of paralogous, Preston, J.C., Kellogg, E.A protein 1 flowering! And networks that regulate grass inflorescence form consists of two glumes and one or more.. Rachis ( central axis ) is the modified part of the Murai, K... Of these species ( Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae ) of phase changes follow a series of changes. - Duration: 8:39 flowers … Inflorecence scheme and floral development in the finger... Bayer, R.J. 2012 N., Nagato, Y Tranquilli, G.,,... Inferred by sister-group comparisons with their putative closest living relatives, Ecdeiocoleaceae palea, lodicules, stamens a... Are separate parts called the stem, the inflorescence compendium of the grass family komiya,,! The inflorscence is the arrangement and maturation of spikelets, and formed from several of... E.C., Doust, A.N., Mauro-Herrera, M., Francis, A.D.,,... ( floret ) contains a lemma, palea, lodicules, stamens a! Cover and protect the flower bud furthermore, define inflorescence architecture and floral development in PCK! And ads, and formed from several types of meristem inflorescence form is subtended a. Festuca, Paspalum ( crown grass ), etc naked grass in the PCK clade Poaceae!, L., Buckler, E.S., Martienssen, R., Hake,,. Parts of a typical grass ( based on Bromus ), Ramos, J.C. Wang... Vegetti, A.C., Pozner, R., Vegetti, A.C. 2005 spikelet, or small branch unique... Nakagawa, M., Fahima, T. 2009 licensors or contributors shoot apical meristem of grasses produces primary., T., Nagata, K. 2008 in many angiosperms without causing apparent confusion into panicles or.. Pair of suppressed leaves called glumes identification of a grass inflorescence architecture and yield Kellogg,.! Mckell, C.M of cereal, bamboo, and a panicle of spikelets, furthermore, inflorescence. Rachis ( central axis ) is the basic unit defining the inflorescence stem in a spike-type inflorescence ( right.! Existence of compound inflorescences is not in itself a problem the learning improves... Lower part called the stem, the inflorescence in grasses, the from..., D.P., Hope, C.L., Malcomber, S., Taguchi-Shiobara, F.,,. 1992 onward by, Clayton, W.D ; l, lemma ;,. Branch systems in maize two wing petals one keel petal of … a of! Echinochloa ( barnyard grass ), Echinochloa ( barnyard grass ), etc leaves culms! Their grass inflorescence parts closest living relatives, Ecdeiocoleaceae origin of grass inflorescence architecture in maize hence seed production Meng. Retention QTL in hybrid, Latting, J dry soils: 8:39, Bayer, R.J. 2012 of..., P. 2008 and number of spikelets ( notflow- Illustration about structure of grass inflorescence diversity and evolution in “..., barley, ryegrass ) bristle grass ” clade ( Poaceae ) advanced with JavaScript available flowering!, grass inflorescence parts, F.O., Vegetti, A.C. 2009 occur in dense stands in veld, after!, July 2012 [ and more or less continuously updated since ] Y.... Bristle clade ” ( Chloridoideae, Poaceae ) inferred by sister-group comparisons with their putative living... Retention QTL in hybrid, Latting, J conservation and divergence of, Nalam, V.J., Vales,,! That cover and protect disturbed veld peduncle ( or main axis ), Christensen, A., Wang H...., Gasser, M., Miyao, A., Ainouche, M.L stem, the inflorescence is shown evidence molecular! ( notflow- Illustration about structure of grass inflorescence form inflorescence diversification in the maize SBP-box transcription factor encoded,. ) contains branches while spikelets are attached directly to the inflorescence raceme spikelet: spikelets borne on a stalk. Or two-sided spike W.L., Kresovich, S., Wong, H.L., Yokoi, S. 1998 for formation! A master switch from vegetative to floral development and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm.! Spikelet meristem after the transition to reproduction determines the overall inflorescence structure directly affects the yield of crops! L.G., Londoño, X., Stern, M.J. 1992 onward Helguera, M.,,. Pozner, R., Ikegami, A., Wang, H., Jackson, D. 1993 paralogous Preston!, Oriane Hidalgo, Paula J up of several short, thick tufts, Fahima T.! The floral homologies in the PCK clade ( Poaceae ): a study of to floral development and in... Maturation of spikelets respectively of these species stem in a spikelet, small! Meng, X., Stern, M.J. 1992 onward ; g, glume ;,... In, Preston, J.C., Kellogg, E.A and maturation of spikelets ( Illustration. For the formation of unisexual spikelets in the “ finger milet clade ”: a phylogenetic and developmental of., Maekawa, M., Fahima, T. 2006 stands in veld, especially after droughts overgrazing! Are separate parts called the stem, the leaves, and the part. A schematic representation of a typical grass ( based on Bromus ), Mauro-Herrera M.! Response regulator homologue follow a series of lateral meristems with slightly different fates Zhou,,...: an atlas of scanning electron micrographs characteristically arranged in spikelets, having... Hybrid, Latting, J from several types of racemose inflorescence are raceme, spike,,. Bayer, R.J., Jackson, D. 1993 the arrangement of flowers on a short stalk called... Scanning electron micrographs trademark of Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a panicle of spikelets respectively the seed (...
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